A Systematic Mapping Study on State Estimation Techniques for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

The effective administration of lithium-ion batteries is key to the performance and durability of electric vehicles (EVs). This systematic mapping study (SMS) thoroughly examines optimization methodologies for battery management, concentrating on the estimation of state of health (SoH), remaining useful life (RUL), and state of charge (SoC). The findings disclose various methods that boost the accuracy and reliability of SoC, including enhanced variants of the Kalman filter, machine learning models like long short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), as well as hybrid optimization frameworks that combine Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). For estimating SoH, prevalent data-driven techniques include support vector regression (SVR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR), alongside hybrid models merging machine learning with conventional estimation techniques to heighten predictive accuracy. RUL prediction sees advancements through deep learning techniques, especially LSTM and gated recurrent units (GRUs), improved using algorithms such as Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) and Adaptive Levy Flight (ALF). This study underscores the critical role of integrating advanced filtering techniques, machine learning, and optimization algorithms in developing battery management systems (BMSs) that enhance battery reliability, extend lifespan, and optimize energy management for EVs. Moreover, innovations like hybrid models and synthetic data generation using generative adversarial networks (GANs) further augment the robustness and precision of battery management strategies. This review lays out a thorough framework for future exploration and development in the optimization of EV batteries.