3D Printed Electrode Structures and Materials for Rechargeable Batteries

In recent years, secondary batteries have emerged as a hot research area, with electrodes being one of the key components that significantly impact battery performance. However, traditional coating-type electrode sheets, which have limitations in terms of energy and power density, can no longer satisfy the current energy demands for batteries. 3D printing technology, known for its low cost, simple operation, rapid prototyping, and ease of customization, has garnered widespread attention. By applying 3D printing technology to electrodes and optimizing their structure and design, it is possible to create more active sites and rapid ion/charge transport channels, thereby significantly enhancing the electrochemical performance of batteries. Herein, this paper reviews the currently commonly used electrochemical energy storage 3D printing technologies and their standards for ink formulation. A variety of representative 3D printed electrode structures and their optimization strategies are also listed. In addition, materials currently in use, ranging from 0D to 3D, are covered, including their synthesis methods, morphology, and contributions to the electrochemical performance of batteries. It is anticipated that this review will provide valuable insights into this rapidly developing field.