Estimates and trends in the global burden of glaucoma influenced by metabolic risk factors from Global Burden of Disease Study between 1990 to 2019

Purpose Glaucoma is an irreversible eye disease that causes blindness, which not only causes visual impairment and economic burden to patients, but also increases the social burden. This study aimed to estimate the global burden of glaucoma due to metabolic risk over the past 30 years. Methods The number and rate of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) for metabolic risk factors-induced glaucoma were extracted. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) for ASRs were calculated using a generalized linear model with a Gaussian distribution to quantify the temporal trends in the global burden of metabolic risk factor-attributed glaucoma. The strength and direction of the association between the sociodemographic index (SDI) and the DALY rate were measured using Spearman's rank-order correlation. Results Approximately 0.07% of the global DALYs of glaucoma in 1990 were associated with metabolic risk factors, which increased to 0.1% in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the global DALY cases of glaucoma caused by metabolic risk factors and the global burden of DALYs increased, whereas the DALY rate decreased with a higher SDI regional grade. The ASR of glaucoma disability loss years with a metabolic high risk increased with age, reaching the highest in the >85-year-old age group. Conclusion The burden of glaucoma caused by metabolic risk factors has increased over the past three decades, especially in regions with a low SDI and in old-age groups.