Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy: An Effective Tool for the Detection of Environmental Pollutants

SERS is a branch of Raman scattering, which is a modern analytical technique that uses a nanostructured metallic film or plate for the identification of molecules and is distinguished by sensitivity an order of magnitude higher than that of the standard Raman spectrometer. Originally launched in 1972, the possibility for SERS to supply specific molecular information making it a potential method of chemical and biological analysis has been realized. Although, it is particularly helpful in environmental investigations as the minor level pollution indicators need to be determined. Non-acerbating methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy are highly sensitive but inconvenient and next to impossible from a cost perspective. SERS has been assumed to be at a higher level, more preferable, and perhaps even cheaper as an intervention. Recent papers focused on the SERS are aimed at making modifications in the substrates at the nano-domain and the method of attaining enhanced selectivity and sensitivity of heavy metal ions. This involves the application of numerous nanoparticles like the Au and Ag nanoparticles and other multiphase materials that comprise metal and other forms of material. Another effective way to enhance the selectivity of the biosensor is the use of target-specific molecules or ligands to which heavy metal ions interact. It comes in handy when looking for information on how the SERS method can be used in the monitoring of the environment and further on the inquiry about any possible enhancements to the technique as well as the overall risk assessment. Therefore, in this paper, it is our endeavor to guide researchers on new prospects in SERS for the improved detection and enhancement of heavy metal ions in an attempt to boost strategies for combating environmental pollution.