Recent Advances in Titanium Nitride (TiN) Nanostructures and Thin Films for Bio-sensing Applications

The crucial importance of biosensors in various complex and extreme domains has fueled the design of more resilient and precise biosensors, since they can efficiently obtain information in environments where conventional assays would otherwise fail. The present review highlights the basic operation, various kinds, crucial components, and properties of biosensors, as well as presents the idea that material choice is crucial for biosensor applications in extreme environments. Amongst various materials, titanium nitride (TiN) and its nanostructured forms have shown immense potential and advantages, such as high detectivity and sensitivity for biomolecules in tandem with its intractable resilience, and, hence, have been comprehensively discussed in this review. The review emphasizes that nanotechnology has the potential to enhance the miniaturization and optimize the performance of next-generation biosensors; hence, the current synthesis methods of TiN thin films and nanostructures are discussed, mainly focusing on the ability to tune the vital properties of the resulting nanostructures. To illustrate the scope of improvement toward addressing the crucial concerns associated with biosensor design and practical limitations, this review discusses the various approaches to improving the performance of TiN-based biosensors alongside future perspectives.