The Paris low-level jet during PANAME 2022 and its impact on the summertime urban heat island

The low-level jet (LLJ) and the urban heat island (UHI) are common nocturnal phenomena. While the UHI has been studied extensively, interactions of the LLJ and the urban atmosphere in general (and the UHI in particular) have received less attention. In the framework of the PANAME (PAris region urbaN Atmospheric observations and models for Multidisciplinary rEsearch) initiative in the Paris region, continuous profiles of horizontal wind speed and vertical velocity were recorded with two Doppler wind lidars (DWLs) - for the first time allowing for a detailed investigation of the summertime LLJ characteristics in the region. Jets are detected for 70 % of the examined nights, often simultaneously at an urban and a suburban site, highlighting the LLJ regional spatial extent. Emerging at around sunset, the mean LLJ duration is similar to 10 h, the mean wind speed is 9 m s-1, and the average core height is 400 m above the city. The temporal evolution of many events shows signatures that indicate that the inertial oscillation mechanism plays a role in the jet development: a clockwise veering of the wind direction and a rapid acceleration followed by a slower deceleration. The horizontal wind shear below the LLJ core induces variance in the vertical velocity (sigma w2) above the urban canopy layer. It is shown that sigma w2 is a powerful predictor for regional contrast in air temperature, as the UHI intensity decreases exponentially with increasing sigma w2 and strong UHI values only occur when sigma w2 is very weak. This study demonstrates how DWL observations in cities provide valuable insights into near-surface processes relevant to human and environmental health.