Longitudinal changes in sleep and sleep-related symptoms among Korean adults between 2010 to 2022, including the COVID-19 pandemic period

Background and purpose The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted people's lifestyles, changing sleep patterns. This study investigated changes in sleep patterns and disturbances in South Koreans over the past decade, including during the pandemic. Methods We compared data from the Korean Sleep Headache Society Phase I survey (n = 2484; conducted in 2010) and the National Sleep Survey of South Korea 2022 (n = 3729; conducted in 2022), involving participants aged 20-69 years. Changes in sleep schedule, sleep duration, social jet lag, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness were explored. Results Workday bedtimes were advanced and free-day bedtimes and workday and free-day waking times were delayed during the pandemic. Increased circadian preference for eveningness and social jet lag were noted. A significant decrease in sleep duration and sleep efficiency, along with an increased prevalence of insomnia and daytime sleepiness, was noted with age- and sex-specific variations. Conclusions Over the past decade, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep habits have changed significantly and sleep problems worsened. This study emphasize the need for more comprehensive public health strategies and research to facilitate sleep recovery in the post-pandemic period within a society known for its high prevalence of sleep deprivation.