Physiological and behavioral effects of underwater noise on the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and the blackhead seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

The acoustic emissions generated by wind energy production constitute a significant environmental issue that requires urgent attention in the establishment of offshore wind energy installations. Underwater wind turbine noise (UWWTN) from offshore wind construction, may impose stress on marine species, including economically important fish populations. This study endeavors to investigate the repercussions of UWWTN emanating from the operation of wind turbines situated in Sanmen Bay on the behavioral and physiological responses of two economically important fish species indigenous to the area: the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and the blackhead seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). The findings indicate that UWWTN adversely affects the welfare of two economically important fish species. UWWTN alters several physiological biomarkers in both fish species and disrupts their growth by interfering with normal swimming and feeding behaviors. The integrated biomarker response suggests that the effects of UWWTN are reversible, as several affected biomarkers showed significant improvement during the recovery period. This study assessed the impact of underwater noise on the welfare of aquaculture fish species of economic relevance in a laboratory environment, offering valuable insights for the sustainable advancement and management of wind power resources in marine environments.