Application of biochar catalysts in tar catalytic reforming: A review on preparation, modification, deactivation, and regeneration

The presence of tar significantly hinders the development of biomass pyrolysis and gasification technologies, making efficient tar removal methods critically important. Catalytic tar removal has attracted significant attention for its high efficiency and simplicity. Biochar, with its abundant pore structure, high surface area, and unique chemical properties, shows great potential as a catalyst in tar reforming, enhancing resource utilization and system efficiency. This paper provides a systematic review of biochar's preparation methods, modification and activation techniques, catalytic performance in tar reforming, deactivation mechanisms, and regeneration strategies. It also analyzes the challenges in biochar's practical applications and proposes future research directions. By addressing key issues in biochar-based tar reforming, this review aims to advance biomass pyrolysis technologies and promote the sustainable utilization of biomass energy, offering both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the field.