Optimal scheduling and routing for integrated power-hydrogen systems in day-ahead energy and flexible ramp product markets

The integration of hydrogen energy systems (HESs) into power systems offers a significant opportunity to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and enhance system flexibility. The HES comprises hydrogen generation systems, hydrogen travelers, and hydrogen refueling stations. This study introduces a comprehensive framework for incorporating HESs within an active distribution network. A dual-stage optimization strategy is proposed: the first stage focuses on determining the optimal power bids for the day-ahead (DA) energy and flexible ramp product (FRP) markets, alongside identifying the optimal locations for mobile energy storage systems (MESSs). The second stage addresses the cost-effective routing of MESSs and hydrogen travelers, incorporating traffic uncertainties and insights gained from the initial stage. The presented model evaluates the significance of adopting hydrogen generation systems beside stationary energy storage systems (SESSs) and MESSs in delivering FRPs and energy services in day-ahead markets. A novel time-based traffic model for MESSs and hydrogen travelers is developed to minimize transportation costs, which ultimately influence the pricing of the energy carrier. The optimization framework is validated using the IEEE 37-bus benchmark and an associated transportation network. Results indicate that the proposed two-stage optimization approach significantly enhances the profits of the distribution system operator through active market engagement. Ultimately, this study highlights the importance of integrating electricity and hydrogen for achieving a sustainable energy future.