Exploring the Efficacy of Joint Lavage in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Focus on Cytokines, Degrading Enzymes, and Oxidative Stress

Purpose/Aim. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of joint lavage in managing knee osteoarthritis (OA) by evaluating its effect on pain relief, inflammatory markers, cartilage-degrading enzymes, and oxidative stress. Methods. Seventy patients with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or 3 knee OA were selected for this single-center study. Joint lavage was performed, and pain and function were measured using the visual analog scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores at baseline and 24 weeks postintervention. Synovial fluid samples were collected at baseline, before lavage, and 24 weeks postintervention. Samples were stored at -80 degrees C and analyzed in batches to minimize variability. At the time of analysis, the samples were thawed and evaluated for levels of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI). Results. Postintervention, VAS, and WOMAC scores significantly decreased (P < 0.001), with 100% achieving the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) rates varied: VAS (80%), WOMAC pain (50%), function (81.4%), and total (84.3%). Cytokine levels (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) and MMP-3 significantly decreased (P < 0.001), along with TOS and OSI. Baseline TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 beta levels were significantly correlated with improvements in VAS and WOMAC scores. Moderate correlations were observed between reductions in IL-6/TNF-alpha and improvements in VAS/WOMAC. No significant associations were found between confounders and outcomes. Conclusions. Joint lavage resulted in marked pain relief and functional improvement while significantly reducing inflammatory markers, cartilage-degrading enzymes, and oxidative stress.