Surfactant-free W/O high internal phase emulsions co-stabilized by beeswax and phytosterol crystal scaffold: A promising fat mimetic with enhanced mechanical and mouthfeel properties

Water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions (W/O-HIPEs) typically rely on large amounts of surfactants to disperse water droplets and usually use crystalline saturated triacylglycerides (TAGs) to enhance processing properties. However, these practices conflict with consumer demands for 'natural' ingredients. This study seeks to develop novel crystal fractions similar to saturated TAGs for the preparation of W/O-HIPEs as low-calorie fat mimetics, focusing on their mechanical and mouthfeel properties, which have received little attention thus far. This study explored using an all-nature crystal scaffold to stabilize W/O-HIPEs as fat mimetics under surfactantfree conditions, featuring multi-sensorial attributes. The crystal scaffold was designed by varying the ratios (10:0, 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8, and 0:10, w/w) of beeswax (BW) and phytosterol (PS), two sustainable crystal fractions. The optimal stabilization of W/O-HIPEs (phi = 0.75) was achieved at a BW/PS ratio of 6:4, with only a slight increment in droplet size for either static storage (30 days) or freeze-thaw (3 cycles) treatment. Crystal particles of BW and PS performed a synergistic effect to stabilize W/O-HIPEs by forming a network in the bulk phase and adsorbing onto droplet surfaces as a Pickering stabilizer. The crystalline layer on the droplet surfaces also generated bridging networks, providing a dual stabilization mechanism for W/O-HIPEs. Incorporating 3.0 wt% of BW and PS (BW/PS = 6:4, w/w), W/O-HIPEs exhibited the required modulus of 1 x 105 Pa to mimic fat. Moreover, these W/O-HIPEs exhibited superior lubrication behavior (friction coefficients below 0.06) compared to pure liquid oil at low sliding speeds (0-2.5 mm/s), enhancing mouthfeel. However, increasing the BW and PS crystals content to 4.0 wt% led to increased brittleness, with a reduction in the emulsion's lubricity at the hydrodynamic region. These findings highlight the potential of natural crystals to develop low-calorie W/O-HIPEs as fat mimetics in the food industry.