PLLA/GO Scaffolds Filled with Canine Placenta Hydrogel and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Bone Repair in Goat Mandibles

Bone defects in animals can arise from various causes, including diseases, neoplasms, and most commonly, trauma. Comminuted fractures that exceed the critical size may heal poorly due to deficient or interrupted vascularization, resulting in an insufficient number of progenitor cells necessary for bone regeneration. In this context, 3D printing techniques using poly-L-lactic acid/graphene oxide (PLLA/GO) aim to address this issue by creating customized scaffolds combined with canine placenta hydrogel and mesenchymal stem cells for use in goat mandibles, compared to a control group using titanium plate fixation. Ten canine placentas were decellularized and characterized using histological techniques. A hydrogel derived from the canine placenta extracellular matrix (cpECM) was produced to improve cell attachment to the scaffolds. In vitro cytotoxicity and cell adhesion to the cpECM hydrogel were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resulting biomaterials, cpECM hydrogel and PLLA/GO scaffolds, maintained their functional structure and supported cell adhesion, maintenance, and proliferation in vitro. Thermography showed that PLLA/GO scaffolds with cpECM hydrogel performed effectively, similar to the control group. Computed tomography scans revealed bone calluses, suggesting an ongoing repair process. These findings demonstrate the innovative technological potential of these materials for use in surgical interventions. Future studies on PLLA/GO scaffolds will provide further insights into their effects on goat models.