Bleeding disorders under hormonal contraceptives

Hormonal contraceptives, such as pills and intrauterine systems (IUS), are among the most commonly used contraceptive methods. Methods using only gestagens, such as progesterone-only pills, injections, implants or IUS are reliable contraceptive options for almost all women. Unscheduled bleeding is a common side effect of hormonal contraceptives, can vary depending on the contraceptive method and the exact causes are still unclear. Unacceptable bleeding is stressful for the user and is one of the most common reasons for discontinuing a contraceptive method. Treatment options for bleeding irregularities include the administration of estrogens, gestagens or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.