Automated rice mapping using multitemporal Sentinel-1 SAR imagery using dynamic threshold and slope-based index methods

Rice cultivation plays a crucial role in food security and economic development, particularly in regions like India, due to its vast population and position as the top rice producer globally. This work introduces a novel framework, the Rice Mapping Method (RMM), which leverages Multitemporal Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for automated rice mapping. Contrary to the traditional approaches, RMM combines the Dynamic Threshold Method (DTM) for robust rice field identification and a slope-based index for classifying single and double cropping practices. By analyzing VH backscatter patterns and employing specific thresholds, DTM separates rice pixels from the other background pixels. The DTM, which relies on VH backscatter values during the growing season, has been tested across various rice cultivation landscapes, demonstrating high accuracy up to 0.95. DTM is also tested on different rice- growing areas such as the hilly Kodagu district, with an F1 Score of 0.96, and in the flooded delta region of Kuttanad, achieving an F1 Score of 0.93. The Slope-based Index I ( r,c ) is introduced to differentiate the single and double cropping pixels by calculating the index for the second season of cropping and gives F1 Score of 0.81. The DTM's effectiveness in rice field identification is evaluated by comparing it to the classification of the Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU) network. Similarly, the Slope-based Index is compared with other established automated rice mapping methods to assess its accuracy in distinguishing cropping patterns. RMM was successfully applied in mapping rice-growing areas in the Udupi district for 2021, estimating Kharif and Rabi season areas, the estimated rice area is compared to official statistics by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Karnataka State. The proposed RMM approach offers a robust solution for mapping rice fields, particularly in regions with complex cropping landscapes, and enhances agricultural monitoring and decision-making processes contributing to sustainable rice production and food security initiatives.