RTO-TV: Routed Tree Optimization and Trust-Value-Based Security Scheme to Prevent Black Hole Attack in MANET

The security and privacy of personal data have become a significant concern because of the vulnerability of wireless channels and the theft of sensitive information. Several security measures have been implemented in recent years to address this problem. Nevertheless, most protocols currently employed are insufficiently secure for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This study introduces a routed tree optimization and trust value (RTO-TV) technique to protect data transmission against black hole attacks in MANETs. This technique introduces a modified group optimization approach that enhances energy consumption by achieving efficient load-balanced clustering, and presents an approach called RTO for selecting relay nodes (cluster heads [CH]). Additionally, a security method based on TVs has been suggested as a means of safeguarding against black hole attacks. The proposed RTO-TV protocol was successfully implemented using an network simulator 2 (NS2) simulation tool. The comparative findings demonstrate that the proposed RTO-TV method outperforms existing techniques in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, detection rate, and throughput in the presence of a black hole attack.