Liquid biopsy for early cancer detection: technological revolutions and clinical dilemma

IntroductionLiquid biopsy is an innovative advancement in oncology, offering a noninvasive method for early cancer detection and monitoring by analyzing circulating tumor cells, DNA, RNA, and other biomarkers in bodily fluids. This technique has the potential to revolutionize precision oncology by providing real-time analysis of tumor dynamics, enabling early detection, monitoring treatment responses, and tailoring personalized therapies based on the molecular profiles of individual patients.Areas coveredIn this review, the authors discuss current methodologies, technological challenges, and clinical applications of liquid biopsy. This includes advancements in detecting minimal residual disease, tracking tumor evolution, and combining liquid biopsy with other diagnostic modalities for precision oncology. Key areas explored are the sensitivity, specificity, and integration of multi-omics, AI, ML, and LLM technologies.Expert opinionLiquid biopsy holds great potential to revolutionize cancer care through early detection and personalized treatment strategies. However, its success depends on overcoming technological and clinical hurdles, such as ensuring high sensitivity and specificity, interpreting results amidst tumor heterogeneity, and making tests accessible and affordable. Continued innovation and collaboration are crucial to fully realize the potential of liquid biopsy in improving early cancer detection, treatment, and monitoring.