Mechanical circulatory support for patients with infarct-related cardiogenic shock: a state-of-the-art review

Acute myocardial infarction-related cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) is a severe, life-threatening condition characterised by inadequate tissue perfusion due to the heart's inability to pump blood effectively. The pathophysiology of AMI-CS usually arises from the sudden loss of myocardial contractility, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and systemic hypoperfusion. In approximately 90% of AMI-CS cases, the left ventricle is the primary site of dysfunction. Despite early recognition and the implementation of strategies such as primary percutaneous coronary intervention, the mortality rate associated with AMI-CS remains alarmingly high, reflecting significant unmet clinical needs. A major challenge lies in identifying the optimal patient population for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices, as these interventions are costly and can lead to serious complications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AMI-CS, explores the current range of MCS devices available and offers an in-depth discussion on the balance of benefits and risks associated with these devices. By highlighting key evidence from recent studies, we aim to shed light on the clinical decision-making process and improve outcomes in this high-risk patient population.