ADVANCES IN GREEN CATALYSIS BASED ON METAL OXIDES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF N-HETEROCYCLES

An environmentally friendly substitute for conventional techniques, green catalysis with metal oxides has become a viable approach for the sustainable synthesis of N-heterocycles. This study highlights the critical role that metal oxides play in facilitating effective and environmentally benign N-Heterocycle synthesis by offering a thorough summary of current developments in the field. The investigation of catalytic processes that reduce waste generation and energy consumption has been spurred by the pressing need for sustainable practices in organic synthesis, motivated by environmental concerns. The introduction stresses the limitations of traditional synthetic techniques while highlighting the importance of N-heterocycles in medicines and other industrial uses. Because of their availability, low toxicity, and variety of catalytic activity, metal oxides have gained interest as catalysts. The mechanistic aspects of Nheterocycle synthesis are explained through a review of key reactions, which illustrate how metal oxides catalyse transformations that are essential for the production of various Nheterocyclic structures. The efficiency of metal oxides in mediating these processes is demonstrated by recent research, which show improved selectivity and yield in comparison to conventional catalysts. The use of metal oxides in multicomponent reactions to generate N-heterocycles has gained traction in green synthesis. By using numerous starting materials at once, MCRs provide atom- economic methods that streamline synthetic approaches and reduce waste. The review highlights the adaptability of this strategy for gaining access to a broad range of N-Heterocyclic scaffolds by presenting case examples of successful MCRs catalysed by metal oxides. The section on future perspectives delineates prospective directions for further investigation, with a focus on creating new metal oxide catalysts, refining reaction conditions, and investigating inventive synthetic approaches. The main results are outlined in the conclusion, which also highlights the revolutionary effect of green catalysis using metal oxides on N-Heterocycle synthesis and opens the door to ecologically friendly and sustainable methods in organic chemistry.