Analysis of damage and fracture characteristics for concrete subjected to cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles: An acoustic emission and digital image correlation study

This study examines concrete's performance under cryogenic (-170 degrees C) freeze-thaw cycles (CFTCs), inspired by the development of all-concrete liquefied natural gas (ACLNG) tanks. Focusing on plain concrete (PC) and concrete with 3 % volume content steel fiber (SFRC3), the impact of fibers and moisture content on concrete's damage and failure characteristics pre and post cryogenic exposure is investigated. The compressive strength variation laws of concrete before and after 10 CFTCs were summarized in air-dried and water-saturated condition. Acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques were employed in the study to delineate the variances in failure process and fracture characteristics attributed to cryogenic exposure. Findings indicate a decline in the compressive strength of both PC and SFRC3 post exposure, more pronounced in water-saturated condition. Post-cryogenic exposure, AE signals exhibit decreased activities. The failure process of concrete is categorized into four stages based on the trends of severity index Sr and historical index Hs, both of which diminished, reflecting reduced signal strength and rate of change. AE frequency-amplitude characteristics differs between PC and SFRC3 during failure, with significant reduction in high frequency signals in SFRC3, suggesting weakened fiber-matrix bonding and increased fracture scale. The rise in the number of shear cracks nearing failure is discerned from variations in rise angle (RA) and average frequency (AF), proposing the ratio of RA to AF equal to 15 as a precursor of concrete failure. The DIC analysis shows increased crack width and numbers in both PC and SFRC3 post exposure, along with localized spalling. SFRC3 can still effectively maintain the integrity without complete breakage despite severe cracks are generated.