Technological Innovations in Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture: Pathways to Sustainable Food Systems in Metropolises

Metropolitan areas increasingly confront complex challenges related to food security, social inequality, environmental degradation, and resource scarcity, exacerbated by rapid urbanization, climate change, and the reliance on extended, fragile supply chains. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is recognized as a promising approach to mitigate these issues. For example, it enhances food security and nutrition by strengthening local food supply systems, improves livelihoods by providing employment and income for local residents, and promotes environmental sustainability through the creation of greening spaces and reduction of food miles. However, the full potential of UPA remains constrained by various technological, economic, and social barriers, such as limited growing spaces, lack of land tenure security, low economic efficiency, and insufficient public awareness and acceptance. Given that the technological innovations are critical in overcoming these barriers and maximizing the positive impacts of UPA, this review provides a state-of-the-art overview of advanced technologies and tools applicable to UPA, aiming to inform how these innovations can be better enabled to enhance UPA's contributions to sustainable urban food systems. The review begins by defining UPA, categorizing its various forms, and exploring its multifunctional roles within urban contexts. It then presents a thorough analysis of a range of UPA technologies that serve specific purposes, including productivity and product quality improvement, space utilization optimization, resource recycling, and land use management. Furthermore, the review evaluates the current challenges faced by these technologies throughout the stages of research and development (R&D), dissemination and extension, and application and commercialization, employing an analytical framework adapted from Technology Life Cycle theories. In conclusion, the review emphasizes the crucial roles that UPA and relevant technological innovations play in transforming food systems and urban environments. It proposes four key recommendations: (1) enhancing funding mechanisms and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration for UPA R&D, (2) strengthening UPA technology dissemination systems, (3) promoting economic feasibility and market integration within UPA business models, and (4) establishing supportive environments among all stakeholders in the innovation process. These targeted strategies are essential for scaling UPA technologies, thereby strengthening food security, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic resilience in metropolitan areas.