Pledging of shares by controlling shareholders and implications for foreign institutional investors

Offering shares as collateral-that is, share pledging-to avail business or personal loans has increasingly been used as a financing tool by controlling shareholders in developing economies such as India. With the focus on protecting the rights of minority shareholders, pledging of shares has been subject to scrutiny as academicians, regulators, and corporate governance experts have highlighted the detrimental effects of share pledging on the firm. This study raises awareness about share pledging for uninitiated foreign institutional investors (FIIs) looking to invest in developing economies. The study highlights the conditions, including motivation to pledge, degree of ownership, and quantum of pledge, under which share pledging may be appropriate and when it may benefit the FIIs. We distinguish between pledging under different conditions and the implications arising under the outlined scenarios for FIIs. Our analysis provides potential investors with a comprehensive overview of pledging and of its possible consequences for the firm. The study urges investors to take a more nuanced view of pledging rather than painting all of it with the same negative stroke. (c) 2025 Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.