Recent Application of Clay-Based Heterogeneous Catalyst in Organic Reactions

The field of heterogeneous catalysis has witnessed significant growth with the advent of clay-based catalysts, which offer unique advantages, such as high surface area, tunable acidity, and environmental benignity. This review highlighted the recent applications of clay-based heterogeneous catalysts in various organic reactions, emphasizing their role in enhancing reaction efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability. We discuss different types of clay catalysts, including natural and modified clays, and their synthesis methods, focusing on the incorporation of metal nanoparticles, and acid-base functionalities. The versatility of these catalysts is demonstrated via their application in a range of reactions. The methods by which these catalysts operate, as well as the variables affecting their catalytic activity, are discussed in detail. Moreover, we explore the reusability and stability of clay catalysts, which are critical for their industrial application. The review concludes with a perspective on the future challenges, and opportunities for the development of clay-based catalysts, with an emphasis on the design of multifunctional materials for more complex organic transformations and the potential for their integration into continuous flow processes for scalable and sustainable chemical production.