A pseudo-transient pressure gradient method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

The fundamental problem behind the numerical solutions of incompressible viscous flow equations lies in the lack of an update equation for the pressure field. In essence, there is no explicit relation that can be utilized to update the pressure field from a given velocity field. Following the principle of the artificial compressibility method and considering that it is the pressure gradient that drives incompressible flows, this study introduces a new primitive variables method to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. This method ensures that the continuity condition is rigorously satisfied at every grid point within the flow domain. Its principle lies in modifying the continuity equation to include a pseudo-transient pressure gradient term that vanishes upon convergence, which allows the incompressibility constraint to be satisfied to machine zero. This method eliminates the numerical difficulties associated with pressure-based solvers and improves the convergence of all dependent variables. Numerical solutions for three steady-state validation problems, namely fully developed channel flow, lid-driven cavity flow (2D and 3D), and flow in a constricted channel, are obtained to validate the proposed method. The results show good agreement with solutions available in the literature and demonstrate substantially improved convergence. (c) 2025 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)