Analysis of Clinical and Biochemical Parameters and the Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Single-Center Study

Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) causes an imbalance of calcium-phosphate metabolism in the form of hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, leading to dysfunction in various organs. The main cause is a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland (adenoma), leading to excessive and uncontrolled secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Difficulties in diagnosing PTHP are also compounded by the possibility of asymptomatic course at the early disease stages. The gold standard treatment involves removing the pathological gland, while pharmacological options are reserved for candidates ineligible for surgery. Methods: In our study, we assessed the effectiveness of surgical treatment and the factors influencing outcomes and complications by analyzing the records of 125 patients with PHPT who underwent parathyroidectomy at the University Centre of General and Oncological Surgery of the Wroclaw Medical University from 2008 to 2017. We considered sociodemographics, laboratory results, comorbidities, complications, procedure details, and outcomes. The procedures included 93 open minimally invasive parathyroidectomies (OMIPs), 11 unilateral neck explorations, and 21 bilateral neck explorations. Results: Single-gland pathology was common (101 patients), while 24 had involvement of two glands. The left inferior parathyroid gland was the most frequently affected (n = 65; 43.6%). Histopathological examination consistently indicated the presence of parathyroid adenoma in all patients. Complications following parathyroidectomy were observed in 11 (8.8%) patients. Calcium normalization after six months was observed in 119 patients (95.2%). The surgical technique, the location of the adenoma, and the sex and age of the patient did not appear to affect the effectiveness of treatment. Conclusions: Parathyroidectomy is highly effective in treating PHPT, irrespective of patient age, sex, or gland location. It leads to decreased serum PTH and total calcium levels while increasing the inorganic phosphate concentration.