Investing in a transition fuel: The remarkable decline in mortality from China's rollout of natural gas infrastructure

The world is undergoing a monumental energy transition. Leveraging China's rollout of natural gas infrastructure, this study estimates the effects of energy access on mortality from 2004 to 2015. The data link the detailed locations and timings of pipeline setup with quarterly administrative death records. The results indicate a 53% increase in household gas usage and a 12% decline in death rate. Mortality reduction is largely driven by decreases in cardiorespiratory diseases and lung cancers, and particularly in the female population. This health benefit is primarily attributed to reduced air pollution due to the shift from dirty fuels to natural gas. The findings underscore the significant potential of transition fuel investments for public health.