The Water-Soil Resource Matching Pattern of Grain Crops in the North China Plain from the Perspective of the Physical Water-Water Footprint

The agricultural water-soil matching coefficient is a key factor for reflecting regional grain production status, which can be used to evaluate the reasonableness of water-soil allocation in certain areas. Taking the North China Plain (NCP) as the study area, in this study, we constructed a framework from a "physical water-water footprint" standpoint. The binary matching characteristics of "water-soil-grain" were then analyzed, and the water-soil matching coefficient method was employed to evaluate the pattern of water-soil matching for the years 1984, 1998, 2003, and 2022. Through the perspective of physical water-water footprint coupling, field trials of grain were utilized to calculate the range of water-soil matching coefficients under high yields. The results showed the following: (1) From 1949 to 2022, the grain yield and planting areas increased. Wheat, the dominant crop, required substantial irrigation. Precipitation, cultivated land, and irrigation water exhibited spatial mismatches over the last ten years. (2) The total water footprint showed an increasing trend, and the blue water footprint accounted for 19.47%. The spatial distribution of the water and land footprints of grain crops largely overlapped, and their values were higher in the central and southern regions, and lower in the north. (3) The current water-soil matching coefficient was in the range of [0.28, 1.75], which fell outside the optimal range of [0.534, 0.724]. The soil-water matching coefficients of wheat and rice were overall higher than those of other crops. We found higher values in the southwestern region and lower values in the northern areas, which aligns with the boundary of the groundwater funnel area. To address the identified challenges, we recommend implementing a tiered regulatory zone system based on the matching coefficient. The government should encourage a reduction in water-intensive crops like wheat and rice in high-value regions by providing subsidies. Additionally, a monitoring mechanism for water and soil compatibility should be established, considering the specific growth requirements of various crops.