Dysregulated Signaling Pathways in Canine Mammary Tumor and Human Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Advances and Potential Therapeutic Targets

In 2022, human breast cancer (HBC) and canine mammary tumors (CMTs) remained the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide, with high recurrence and lethality rates, posing a significant threat to human and dog health. The development of breast cancer involves multiple signaling pathways, highlighting the need for effective inhibitory drugs that target key proteins in these pathways. This article reviews the dysregulation of the EGFR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Hippo, pyroptosis, and PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathways in HBC and CMT, as well as the corresponding drugs used to inhibit tumor growth, with the aim of providing theoretical support for the development of more efficient drugs.