deep-Sep: a deep learning-based method for fast and accurate prediction of selenoprotein genes in bacteria

Selenoproteins are a special group of proteins with major roles in cellular antioxidant defense. They contain the 21st amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) in the active sites, which is encoded by an in-frame UGA codon. Compared to eukaryotes, identification of selenoprotein genes in bacteria remains challenging due to the absence of an effective strategy for distinguishing the Sec-encoding UGA codon from a normal stop signal. In this study, we have developed a deep learning-based algorithm, deep-Sep, for quickly and precisely identifying selenoprotein genes in bacterial genomic sequences. This algorithm uses a Transformer-based neural network architecture to construct an optimal model for detecting Sec-encoding UGA codons and a homology search-based strategy to remove additional false positives. During the training and testing stages, deep-Sep has demonstrated commendable performance, including an F-1 score of 0.939 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.987. Further more, when applied to 20 bacterial genomes as independent test data sets, deep-Sep exhibited remarkable capability in identifying both known and new selenoprotein genes, which significantly outperforms the existing state-of-the-art method. Our algorithm has proved to be a powerful tool for comprehensively characterizing selenoprotein genes in bacterial genomes, which should not only assist in accurate annotation of selenoprotein genes in genome sequencing projects but also provide new insights for a deeper understanding of the roles of selenium in bacteria.