A short review on Salmonella spp. involved mixed-species biofilm on food processing surface: Interactions, disinfectant resistance and its biocontrol

The presence of Salmonella spp. in mixed-species biofilms on food processing surfaces poses significant challenges to food safety. While monospecies biofilms are widely studied, mixed-species biofilms are more prevalent in realworld scenarios and exhibit complex interactions that influence their resistance to disinfectants. Antagonistic interactions are the most prevalent in mixed-species biofilms involving Salmonella spp., including competition for nutrients, oxygen, and space, as well as interference competition. Synergistic effects in mixed-species biofilms are less common but are often associated with increased disinfectant resistance due to the higher biomass content. The spatial distribution also contributes to disinfectant resistance, as Salmonella often occupies the upper biofilm layers due to its high oxygen demand. Given concerns about antibiotic resistance and the drawbacks of the traditional eradication methods, biocontrol strategies have been developed as more natural, mild, and economically efficient ways. Potential biocontrol approaches commonly focus on inhibitory interspecies interactions, bacteriophages, or natural plant extracts though their antibiofilm efficacy requires further investigation. Insights into mixed-species biofilms can guide the development of novel disinfectants or antibiofilm materials, improving hygiene in food processing environments and enhancing food safety.