Fucoxanthin: A Natural Treasure from The Sea with Dual Benefits - Antioxidant and Anti-melanogenic Activities

Whitening cosmetics with anti-melanogenesis activity are widely popular globally. Numerous studies are underway to identify new ingredients exhibiting anti-melanogenesis effects for the development of novel products. There has been a notable surge in the utilization of natural antihyperpigmentation agents sourced from marine origins for both pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. This review aims to provide an overview of the antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis effect of brown seaweed which harbors a significant quantity of fucoxanthin, serving as a skin whitening agent. Secondary metabolites derived from brown algae have also been harnessed for use in cosmetics. However, many of the reviewed articles lack comprehensive investigations into molecular targets, essential for fulfilling the criteria of cosmetic and pharmaceutical utilization. Recently, various secondary metabolites, particularly carotenoids like fucoxanthin, have been identified from brown seaweed, demonstrating anti-melanogenesis properties and underlying mechanisms. Nevertheless, in vivo and clinical investigations of marine algae-derived whitening agents remain scarce. The novelty of this review lies in the discourse surrounding fucoxanthin as a major carotenoid in brown algae, highlighting its antioxidant and antimelanogenesis potential. An anti-melanogenesis test is generally preceded by an antioxidant activity test. Almost all brown algae exhibit notable antioxidant effect compared to control, suggesting inherent antioxidant properties. In addition, the melanogenesis effect of brown algae surpasses that of controls. In the future, fucoxanthin compounds hold promise for incorporation into cosmetics within the pharmaceutical industry.