Variations in Bovine Milk Proteins and Processing Conditions and Their Effect on Protein Digestibility in Humans: A Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
Bovine milk proteins account for 10% of the global protein supply, which justifies the importance of thoroughly understanding their digestive processes. Extensive research on digestion is being conducted both in vivo and in vitro. However, interpretations and comparisons across different studies require a thorough understanding of the methodologies used. Both the rate and extent of milk protein digestion can be affected by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors with potential implications for overall digestibility and physiological responses. Among intrinsic factors, the impact of genetic variants in native milk proteins has emerged as a growing research area. To these, further complexity is added by the processing conditions frequently applied to milk prior to consumption. The main aim of this work is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the impact of variations in milk protein profiles (particularly whey: casein ratio and protein polymorphisms), the treatments applied during processing (pasteurisation, homogenisation) and consumption (temperature changes) on protein digestion. To support the interpretation of the current literature, this manuscript also presents a historical perspective into research in this field and summarizes the protocols that are most frequently used, presently, on in vitro digestion studies.
机构:
Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA
Morinaga Milk Ind Co Ltd, Nutr Sci Inst, Zama 2528583, JapanUniv Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA
Wada, Yasuaki
Loennerdal, Bo
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机构:
Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USAUniv Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA
机构:
Univ Toronto, Temerty Fac Med, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada
Sinai Hlth, Dept Pediat, Toronto, ON, Canada
Sinai Hlth Syst, Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank, Toronto, ON, Canada
Univ Toronto, Temerty Fac Med, Dept Pediat, Toronto, ON, CanadaHosp Sick Children, Translat Med Program, Toronto, ON, Canada