COMMON PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS IN CANINE MAMMARY TUMOURS - LITERATURE REVIEW AND RECENT PERSPECTIVES

Mammary tumours are one of the most frequent neoplastic diseases in canines and one of the leading causes of death in both dogs and humans. Canine ma- mmary tumours (CMT) develop spontaneously and have high similarity with human breast cancer when it comes to several biological, Clinicopathological, and molecular characteristics, including the detection of the same biomarkers. The evaluation of tumoral bio- markers is vital and enables better detection and diag- nosis, the establishment of prognosis, and effective targeted therapy in cancer. This paper aims to review the mast common and reliable biomarkers of canine mammery carcinomas based on current literature. A- mong the most promising biomarkers for CMT, micro RNAS (miRNAs) and mutations of the breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 gene (BRCA2) are frequently mentioned. The most common and studied biomarkers of CMT, detected in both serum and tissue samples, are antigen Ki-67 (Ki-67), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth fac- tor receptor 2 (HER-2), oestrogen receptor (ER), pro- gesterone receptor (PR), and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX- 2). Other useful biomarkers are tumour protein p53 (p53) and epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin). Despite many studies available so far in both human and ca- nine mammary cancer, the detection of biomarkers re- mains uncommon, and their exact role is still un- known Further detailed research needs to be done for a better understanding of martt & imath;mary cancer pathology and ford the development of new therapies and diag- nostic tools.