Understanding the relationship between cuproptosis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for targeted therapies

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a significant global health challenge, particularly in developing countries where its incidence is markedly elevated. Despite advancements in treatment modalities, the high malignancy, metastatic potential, and drug resistance associated with HCC contribute to poor clinical outcomes, underscoring the necessity for a more profound understanding of its pathogenesis. This review meticulously examines the role of copper apoptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death linked to dysregulated copper metabolism, in the development and progression of HCC. By conducting a comprehensive review of recent literature and experimental studies, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which excess copper induces oxidative stress, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, thereby influencing tumorigenesis and progression. This review offers valuable insights into the intricate relationship between copper metabolism and HCC, positioning copper apoptosis as a potential therapeutic target to enhance treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.