Botulinum Toxin for Aesthetic Use in Facial and Cervical Regions: A Review of the Techniques Currently Used in Dermatology

Botulinum toxin infiltration is one of the most widely performed aesthetic procedures at the aesthetic dermatology office. Although infiltrative techniques have been known for quite a few years, several changes have been described so far, mainly based on anatomical knowledge. There are consensus guidelines available for injecting neuromodulators where one can see both the doses of toxin indicated for each muscle and the injection techniques. After a systematic review of the articles currently available, this article intends to summarize the infiltration techniques described both for the face and neck, while considering new anatomical considerations, new injection techniques published to date, and pearls and tricks for a better understanding of how to inject the botulinum toxin and improve our injection techniques. In our opinion it is important to treat the lower third to complement the treatment of the upper third and, in some patients, the partial blocking of some muscles of the middle third. With this comprehensive treatment of face and neck muscles we can achieve more natural and harmonious results. (c) 2024 AEDV. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).