Advances in the processing of ceramic matrix composites: a review

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), characterized by exceptional physical and mechanical properties, wear resistance, thermal stability, and dimensional integrity, are increasingly adopted in aerospace thermal components, energy systems, and automotive braking applications. However, their inherent high brittleness and orthotropic anisotropy present significant challenges during machining. Conventional techniques, such as milling or grinding, often result in low material removal efficiency, rapid tool degradation, and suboptimal surface integrity. In contrast, single special machining technology (e.g., laser ablation and electrical discharge machining) demonstrates superior efficiency and surface quality in CMCs processing. Despite these advantages, such methods exhibit limitations in versatility and adaptability to complex geometries. To address this, multifunctional field composite machining technology-integrating two or more non-conventional processes (e.g., laser-assisted ultrasonic machining)-has emerged. This approach not only mitigates the constraints of individual methods but also synergistically enhances machining precision and material removal rates. This paper systematically examines the material removal mechanisms and defect generation dynamics in CMCs machining. A comparative analysis of conventional, single special machining technology, and multifunctional field composite machining technology is provided, emphasizing their respective impacts on surface quality, defect formation, and process scalability.