Lateral parabrachial FoxP2 neurons regulate respiratory responses to hypercapnia

About half of the neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PB) that are activated by CO2 are located in the external lateral (el) subnucleus, express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and cause forebrain arousal. We report here, in male mice, that most of the remaining CO2-responsive neurons in the adjacent central lateral (PBcl) and K & ouml;lliker-Fuse (KF) PB subnuclei express the transcription factor FoxP2 and many of these neurons project to respiratory sites in the medulla. PBclFoxP2 neurons show increased intracellular calcium during wakefulness and REM sleep and in response to elevated CO2 during NREM sleep. Photo-activation of the PBclFoxP2 neurons increases respiration, whereas either photo-inhibition of PBclFoxP2 or genetic deletion of PB/KFFoxP2 neurons reduces the respiratory response to CO2 stimulation without preventing awakening. Thus, augmenting the PBcl/KFFoxP2 response to CO2 in patients with sleep apnea in combination with inhibition of the PBelCGRP neurons may avoid hypoventilation and minimize EEG arousals. The parabrachial nucleus contains separate populations of neurons that respond to elevated CO2 with EEG arousal and increased breathing. Here we report that the parabrachial respiratory neurons express FoxP2 and are required for respiratory responses to elevated CO2.