Evaluation of low-and middle-income countries according to cardiovascular disease risk factors by using pythagorean fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS methods

BackgroundCardiovascular disease risk factors play a crucial role in determining individuals' future health status and significantly affect health. This paper aimed to address cardiovascular disease risk factors in low- and middle-income countries using multi-criteria decision-making methods.MethodsIn line with this objective, 22 evaluation criteria were identified. Due to the unequal importance levels of the criteria, the interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP (PF-AHP) method was employed for weighting. The TOPSIS method was utilized to rank the countries.ResultsThe application of interval-valued PF-AHP revealed that metabolic, behavioral, and economic factors are more important in contributing to disease risk. Among adults, tobacco use prevalence was identified as the most significant risk factor. According to the TOPSIS method, Lebanon, Jordan, Solomon Islands, Serbia, and Bulgaria ranked highest, while Timor Leste, Benin, Ghana, Niger, and Ethiopia ranked lowest.ConclusionsIdentifying disease risk factors and preventing or reducing risks are crucial in combating cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is recommended that countries ranking higher take remedial actions to reduce disease risk.