Machine learning-based destructive and non-destructive testing of paver block using fly ash and polyvinyl chloride into sustainable pedestrians

The study focuses on developing an environmentally sustainable paver block by utilizing fly ash (FA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as substitutes for cement and fine aggregate. This study examines 0-25% of FA as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), alongside the inclusion of PVC fibers at a rate of 0.25% by weight of natural fine aggregate. Thorough evaluations were performed, encompassing assessments of water absorption, both destructive and non-destructive testing methods, machine learning implementation of ANFIS for predicting performance. The findings indicated a 25% enhancement in long-term compressive strength resulting from the pozzolanic activity of FA, alongside a 15% decrease in water absorption, which can be related to the porosity-reducing influence of PVC fibers. The results highlight the advantages for both the environment and the economy associated with minimizing embodied carbon, encouraging circular economy approaches, and enhancing the use of sustainable construction materials.