Nanomaterials as Potential Plant Growth Modulators: Applications, Mechanism of Uptake, and Toxicity: A Comprehensive Review

There is potential for increasing agricultural sustainability and productivity at the intersection of plant science and nanotechnology. The role of nanoparticles as growth modulators in plants is examined in this review, along with their effects on germination and overall plant development. This thorough review's primary goal is to investigate the use, uptake mechanism, and possible toxicity of different nanomaterials (NMs) in plants. It also discusses the role of nanoparticles (NPs), including metal/metal oxides (silver, gold, zinc, copper, etc.), carbon-based (carbon nanotube, graphene oxide, and fullerenes), and polymeric (alginate, chitosan, cellulose, etc.) NPs in promoting plant growth and development. Through their interactions with plant biochemical pathways, NMs can enhance photosynthesis, stress tolerance, root and shoot elongation, and seed germination. Furthermore, considering both the possible advantages and environmental hazards, the implications of applying nanoparticles in agriculture are investigated. NPs can be absorbed, transported, and accumulated by plants, according to research. Persistent NPs in plants can lower yields and endanger the health of people and animals. In addition to providing a comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of the intriguing applications of nanomaterials in plant science, this review also emphasizes the critical elements about nanomaterial uptake, interaction, and potential toxicity in plant systems.