Oral supplementation of choline attenuates the development of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD)

BackgroundChronic alcohol intake is associated with alterations of choline metabolism in various tissues. Here, we assessed if an oral choline supplementation attenuated the development of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) in mice.MethodsFemale C57BL/6 J mice (n = 8/group) were either pair-fed a liquid control diet, or a Lieber DeCarli liquid diet (5% ethanol) +/- 2.7 g choline/kg diet for 29 days. Liver damage, markers of intestinal permeability and intestinal microbiota composition were determined. Moreover, the effects of choline on ethanol-induced intestinal permeability were assessed in an ex vivo model.ResultsALD development as determined by liver histology and assessing markers of inflammation (e.g., nitric oxide, interleukin 6 and 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts) was attenuated by the supplementation of choline. Intestinal permeability in small intestine being significantly higher in ethanol-fed mice was at the level of controls in ethanol-fed mice receiving choline. In contrast, no effects of the choline supplementation were found on intestinal microbiota composition. Choline also significantly attenuated the ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in small intestinal tissue ex vivo, an effect almost entirely abolished by the choline oxidase inhibitor dimbunol.ConclusionOur results suggest that an oral choline supplementation attenuates the development of ALD in mice and is related to a protection from intestinal barrier dysfunction.