Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia: Diagnosis, Management, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) encompasses a spectrum of rare malignancies originating from abnormal placental tissue growth. GTN arises from various histological subtypes, including hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Accurate diagnosis is essential and relies on a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging modalities, histopathological assessment, and serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) monitoring. Treatment approaches vary depending on the type and stage of GTN, with surgical intervention and chemotherapy playing pivotal roles. Post-molar GTN diagnosis hinges on persistent beta-hCG elevation following molar pregnancy evacuation, necessitating close monitoring and timely intervention. Risk assessment algorithms help in deciding the level of treatment needed, ensuring the best possible results for patients. Continuing research efforts are focused on uncovering more about the development of GTN and enhancing treatment strategies to enhance patient care and results. This review studies the prevalence, etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and management of GTN, emphasizing recent progress in investigations and therapeutic approaches.