Primary care provider beliefs and knowledge of prescribing gender-affirming hormone therapy to transgender and gender diverse patients

Background Transgender patients often cannot access a provider who is knowledgeable about providing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). This study evaluated primary care provider (PCP) comfort and experience with, opinions about, and knowledge of prescribing GAHT to adults. Methods An anonymous Qualtrics survey was distributed to PCPs in San Diego County. Fisher's exact test assessed any association between age, years in practice, or practice setting and 1) comfort in prescribing GAHT and 2) favorable statements about learning about, providing, and benefitting from training in GAHT. T-tests determined relationship between age, years in practice, or practice type setting with number of correctly answered multiple choice knowledge-based questions out of 4. Results Out of 220 responses, median age was 41, 60% had practiced for <= 10 years, and 19% had practiced in an academic setting. Forty-two percent did not receive any education about transgender healthcare during medical training. The most commonly reported barrier to providing GAHT was lack of training (74%). PCPs age <= 41 (67% vs 49%, p = 0.009), PCPs practicing for <= 10 years (65% vs 51%, p = 0.037), and PCPs in non-academic settings (64% vs. 41%, p = 0.013) were more likely to report being comfortable with prescribing GAHT. PCPs age <= 41 (89% vs 62%, p < 0.001) and PCPs practicing for <= 10 years (86% vs 66%, p < 0.001) were more likely to show interest in learning about GAHT. PCPs age <= 41 (74% vs 46%, p < 0.001) and PCPs practicing for <= 10 years (70% vs 50%, p = 0.003) were more likely to show interest in prescribing GAHT. Knowledge scores were higher for PCPs age >= 42 (mean 1.7 vs 1.4, p = 0.033) and PCPs working in academic centers (mean 2.0 vs 1.4, p = 0.002). Conclusion Younger (age <= 41) and early career (practicing for <= 10 years) PCPs reported being more comfortable with prescribing GAHT and had more favorable opinions in learning about, providing, and benefitting from training in GAHT. They are interested in providing GAHT; however, few prescribe GAHT with most reporting lack of training as a major barrier. This was evident with overall low knowledge scores regardless of age, experience, or clinical setting and underscores the need for increased educational efforts in transgender care throughout medical training.