Degradation and mechanical properties of concrete made with metallurgical sludge waste in long-term

Metallurgical sludge waste (MSW), a by-product of mining, energy, and metallurgical industries, has shown potential as a substitute for traditional aggregates. This research article focuses on studying the properties of concrete incorporating MSW itself and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) containing MSW at both early and late ages. Great emphasis is placed here on the tests carried out one year after concreting. A total of ten concrete mix proportions were prepared with varying amounts of MSW and RCA, including a reference mix. In order to investigate the effects and role of MSW on the durability properties of concrete mixes, several laboratory tests, their numerical evaluation and energy dispersive spectroscopy were carried out. The investigation aims to provide insights into the performance, durability and long-term behaviour of MSW concrete.