Spinel Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles for Photocatalysts, Sensor and Biomedical Applications: A Review

Spinel cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest owing to their remarkable structural, magnetic, and electrical characteristics, rendering them very adaptable for various applications. This paper thoroughly analyses the different production methods and their impact on the physical and functional characteristics of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, emphasising their potential in photocatalysis, sensing, and biomedicine. A comparative analysis of key synthesis techniques sol-gel, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, microemulsion, and combustion methods emphasizes the influence of synthesis selection on nanoparticle size, shape, and crystallinity. These parameters are essential for enhancing photocatalytic effectiveness in the degradation of organic contaminants under visible light irradiation. Additionally, their applicability as sensor materials for the detection of gases and chemicals, together with their potential in biosensing applications, is examined. In the biomedical field, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles demonstrate potential for targeted drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, and imaging due to their adjustable magnetic characteristics and biocompatibility. The paper discusses the difficulties of optimising synthesis methods to improve performance in various applications and provides insights into future research areas to expand their applicability in environmental and healthcare technology.