Comparative life cycle assessment of lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and solid-state battery cells for electric vehicles

被引:1
作者
Degen, Florian [1 ]
Mitterfellner, Miriam [1 ]
Kampker, Achim [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Fraunhofer Res Inst Battery Cell Prod FFB, Bergiusstr 8, D-48165 Munster, Germany
[2] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Chair Prod Engn Emobil Components PEM, Aachen, Germany
关键词
battery cell production; industrial ecology; life cycle assessment; lithium-ion battery; sodium-ion battery; solid-state battery; PLUG-IN HYBRID; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; ENERGY; IMPACTS;
D O I
10.1111/jiec.13594
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The transition toward electrification of transportation has resulted in a rapid increase in the demand for battery cells. While this demand is currently being met through the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), alternative batteries like sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and solid-state batteries (SSBs) are emerging as relevant alternatives. In this study, we analyze, based on current electric vehicle electrode stack designs, the environmental impact of LIB cells, SIB cells, and SSB cells. The life cycle assessment results from this cradle-to-gate study show that for LIB cell production today, similar to 58-92 kgCO2-eq are emitted per kWhcell and similar to 296-624 kWhCED/kWhcell of primary energy is required. In SIB cell production, similar to 75-87 kgCO2-eq/kWhcell is emitted, and in SSB cell production, similar to 88-130 kgCO2-eq/kWhcell, depending on their specific electrode stack configuration. The results demonstrate that LFP (lithium-iron-phosphate) cells require the least energy for production across all battery types under analysis. Furthermore, the findings indicate that, in terms of global warming potential (GWP), LFP and NMC900 (nickel-manganese-cobalt) cells are the most sustainable battery types, at least when focusing solely on battery cell production and neglecting subsequent use phases. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that by optimizing the cell designs and their production, the environmental impact of battery cell production can be reduced in the short term by up to -38%. This allows the production of LFP battery cells with a low GWP of similar to 37 kgCO2-eq/kWhcell and NMC900 cells with similar to 44 kgCO2-eq/kWhcell. Moreover, there is considerable room for improvement in other major LIB cell types. This article met the requirements for a gold-gold JIE data openness badge described at .
引用
收藏
页码:113 / 128
页数:16
相关论文
共 60 条
[1]  
A2Mac1, 2023, Benchmarking data and teardown reports
[2]   Energy impact of cathode drying and solvent recovery during lithium-ion battery manufacturing [J].
Ahmed, Shabbir ;
Nelson, Paul A. ;
Gallagher, Kevin G. ;
Dees, Dennis W. .
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, 2016, 322 :169-178
[3]   Effects of battery chemistry and performance on the life cycle greenhouse gas intensity of electric mobility [J].
Ambrose, Hanjiro ;
Kendall, Alissa .
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT, 2016, 47 :182-194
[4]  
[Anonymous], 2023, Global ev outlook 2023: Catching up with climate ambitions, DOI DOI 10.1787/CBE724-8-EN
[5]  
[Anonymous], 2023, Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 - Analysis [WWW Document]
[6]  
B3 Corporation, 2015, LIB materials market bulletin E15Q3Market reports
[7]   Environmental impact assessment of lithium ion battery employing cradle to grave [J].
Bawankar, Swapnil ;
Dwivedi, Gaurav ;
Nanda, Ipseeta ;
Macedo, Victor Daniel Jimenez ;
Kesharvani, Sujeet ;
Meshram, Kundan ;
Jain, Siddharth ;
Mishra, Sachin ;
Singh, Varun Pratap ;
Verma, Puneet .
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS, 2023, 60
[8]  
Bhandari N., 2022, Batteries: the greenflation challenge II
[9]   Towards more flexibility and transparency in life cycle inventories for Lithium-ion batteries [J].
Crenna, Eleonora ;
Gauch, Marcel ;
Widmer, Rolf ;
Waeger, Patrick ;
Hischier, Roland .
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING, 2021, 170
[10]   Energy and environmental assessment of a traction lithium-ion battery pack for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles [J].
Cusenza, Maria Anna ;
Bobba, Silvia ;
Ardente, Fulvio ;
Cellura, Maurizio ;
Di Persio, Franco .
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION, 2019, 215 :634-649