Assessing the impact of climate change on spring discharge using hydrological modelling in Musanze District, RwandaEvaluation de l’impact du changement climatique sur le débit des sources en utilisant un modèle hydrologique dans le district de Musanze, RwandaEvaluación del impacto del cambio climático en la descarga de los manantiales usando modelos hidrológicos en el distrito de Musanze, Ruanda利用水文模型评估气候变化对卢旺达Musanze区泉水排泄的影响Avaliando o impacto das mudanças climáticas na vazão de nascentes usando modelagem hidrológica no distrito de Musanze, Ruanda

Climate change has far-reaching impacts on water availability globally, with changing precipitation patterns and global warming contributing to increasing scarcity and unreliability of spring water in many regions. Despite this understanding, the implication of climate change on the hydrological system remains limited in certain areas, including the district of Musanze, Rwanda. This study investigates the effects of climate change on the discharge of 14 springs in Musanze using the hydrological model V2Karst. CORDEX data from two global climate models of CMIP5 are used to simulate the future spring discharges over the period 2021–2100. The results reveal significantly higher annual discharges in the RCP2.6 scenario compared to the RCP8.5 for all springs from 2021 to 2100. Nevertheless, no significant long-term trend in spring discharge is observed between the early (2021–2050) and late (2071–2100) periods. However, the intra-annual temporal discharge patterns are changing with a significant increase in the seasonality index for the RCP8.5 scenario towards the end of the twenty-first century. Additionally, for both RCPs, there is a notable increase in the number of days with discharges below 40% of the mean of annual discharges during the baseline period. The overall findings of this study suggest that climate change significantly impacts the future evolution of spring discharges in Musanze, indicating potential risks to the future availability of water in the region.