Twin-port transmission line model based antenna for wireless ITS V2X applications

The rapid growth in Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications necessitated high-performance vehicular antennas capable of operating under critical environmental conditions. The 5.9 GHz ITS band was dedicated to V2X and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure, encompassing Dedicated Short-Range Communication as the primary vehicular protocol. As the demand of reliable vehicular communication is growing, existing antennas need to meet the challenges of limited space and harsh operational conditions. In this paper, Trapezoidal-slot-infused rhombus antenna has been designed to operate over a wider vehicular band of 320 MHz. The aim is to address these challenges by improving the performance metrics such as gain, reduced interference and polarization diversity. The presented antenna is developed using FR4 epoxy substrate with the dimensions of 25 x 25 x 1.6 mm3, featured with centre core rhombus integrated with two 45 degrees tilted hexagons, connected by a triangle. Transmission line model-based analytical formulations were used to compute the critical dimensions of the presented antenna. In addition, Defected Ground Structure with concentric metamaterial rings has been employed to improve the impedance matching. Both Simulative and fabricated analysis demonstrated superior performance metrics with improved gain and reduced interference, recording 79% improved efficiency. The antenna ensured suitability for space-constrained applications, enhanced polarization diversity and its ability to integrate with various automotive components. This antenna is adaptable for MEMS-based applications and frequency re-configurability. The paper detailed the design, construction and performance evaluation of the presented antenna in terms of its ability to suit advanced vehicular communication systems.