Diversity of secondary metabolites from marine Streptomyces with potential anti-tubercular activity: a review

The bacterial genus Streptomyces is known for the prolific production of secondary metabolites, which exhibit remarkable structural diversity and potent biological activities. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a formidable global health challenge exacerbated by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. The untapped potential of marine Streptomyces-derived secondary metabolites offers a promising avenue for screening anti-tubercular (anti-TB) compounds with unique chemical structures and potential bioactive properties. The review emphasizes the diverse marine habitats and Streptomyces with novel anti-TB bioactive metabolites. It discusses fermentation and bioprocessing strategies for screening anti-TB drugs. This review also covers the chemical diversity, potency, mechanism of action, and structures of about seventy anti-TB compounds discovered from marine Streptomyces. These compounds span various chemical classes, including quinones, macrolactams, macrolides, phenols, esters, anthracyclines, peptides, glycosides, alkaloids, piperidones, thiolopyrrolones, nucleosides, terpenes, flavonoids, polyketides, and actinomycins. It emphasizes the need to explore marine ecosystems to discover more novel anti-TB natural products.