Adiponectin may play a crucial role in the metabolic effects of GLP-1RAs treatment in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a preliminary longitudinal study

Purpose Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stands as the most prevalent metabolic disorder globally. T2DM entails numerous cardiovascular complications, which contribute significantly to morbidity, mortality, and increased public spending worldwide. The real challenge for new diabetes drugs lies not only in reducing blood glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin but also in preventing cardiovascular risk. Emerging receptor agonists for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1RAs) have demonstrated a pivotal role in diabetes management and mitigating cardiovascular risk. Methods We conducted a 12-month longitudinal investigation evaluating the cardio-metabolic effects of GLP-1RAs on a cohort of 65 Caucasian patients diagnosed with T2DM who were scheduled for treatment with GLP-1RAs. Fifty-four T2DM patients successfully completed the 12-month study period, with 30 receiving dulaglutide and 24 receiving semaglutide. Results In our study population, GLP-1RAs resulted in several positive changes beyond the observed weight loss: a shift in fat distribution, indicated by a reduction in the percentage of visceral fat (1.21 vs. 1.17, p < 0.05); a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) and triglycerides (p < 0.01); and a significant increase in serum adiponectin levels (p < 0.05), potentially indicating a reduction in insulin resistance and inflammation. Additionally, we observed a significant decrease in microalbuminuria and media-intimal thickness at the carotid vessel level (p < 0.05). Conclusions In patients with T2DM 1-year therapy with GLP-1RAs has a positive effect on the main determinants of cardiovascular risk including body weight, visceral fat, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Moreover, the increase in adiponectin may play a pivotal role in controlling the inflammatory state and the mechanisms of vascular damage.